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- MEDICINE, Page 70Time Bombs in the Breasts?
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- Reports linking some types of silicone implants to cancer stir
- fears -- but they may turn out to be exaggerated
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- By ANDREW PURVIS
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- Susan Cox, 49, was horrified. After a death-defying
- battle with breast cancer and a prolonged recovery that included
- reconstructive surgery, the Chicago nurse learned last week that
- the very implant used to repair her breast could raise her risk
- of developing cancer once again. "It hit me like a club," said
- Cox. "Am I going to have to lose my breast twice?" She was not
- alone in her fear. News reports about the risks of certain
- breast implants set phones ringing in plastic surgeons' offices
- around the country. In all, 700,000 American women have had
- implants after cancer surgery, and 1.3 million more have had
- them for breast augmentation. Though only 10% had received the
- type of implant being called into question, virtually all were
- terrified by the news accounts. "It's been chaos," says Dr. T.
- Roderick Hester, a plastic surgeon at Emory University. "A lot
- of women are scared to death."
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- But should they be? The reports were based on studies
- under way at the Food and Drug Administration. Scientists there
- had found that the polyurethane foam coating surrounding the
- Meme and Replicon brands of implants could break down in the
- body into a substance called 2-toluene diamine, or TDA. This
- chemical had been shown to cause liver cancer in laboratory
- rats. The most alarming news reports claimed that TDA could
- trigger cancer in as many as 4 in 10,000 women who received the
- implants.
-
- But in an official statement later in the week, the FDA
- set the record straight. Spokesperson Sharon Snider pointed out
- that the agency's analysis was not yet complete and that in any
- case the 4-in-10,000 figure greatly overstated the risk. "We
- don't know where those numbers came from," she said. Still, the
- FDA applauded a decision by the implants' manufacturer,
- Surgitek, a Bristol-Myers Squibb subsidiary, to halt
- immediately the worldwide distribution of the products until the
- investigation was completed.
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- Ironically, the Meme and Replicon implants, which are
- actually no different from ordinary silicone implants except for
- an added layer of polyurethane foam, were considered by many
- surgeons to be the best on the market. The older, smooth-shelled
- variety tended to cause surrounding tissue to tighten into a
- fibrous mass, sometimes leaving the breast misshapen and hard
- to the touch. But the polyurethane foam coating of the Surgitek
- products prevented this from happening by substantially
- increasing the surface area of the implant. When the neighboring
- tissue contracts, it does not become too compact. Surgeons who
- have used the models -- which came into widespread use only in
- the past decade -- swear by it, as do many women. Said one
- recipient: "They feel just like a non-implant pair of breasts."
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- The problem with the polyurethane is that when left in the
- body it can be attacked by cells in the immune system that zero
- in on foreign objects, chewing them up and walling them off.
- Just how much polyurethane is broken down in this way is not
- yet known, though Surgitek has estimated that 10% to 30% might
- disappear within eight years of insertion.
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- Since silicone breast implants were introduced in the
- 1960s, many questions have been raised of their safety. Some
- recipients have complained of discomfort, recurrent infections
- and even disorders of the immune system. Another worry is that
- the implants might impede early detection of cancer. Partly in
- response to these complaints, the FDA ruled this month that
- manufacturers of all breast implants must demonstrate their
- safety by July or withdraw them from the market. The FDA's own
- analysis of the safety of polyurethane-coated implants is due
- out within a few weeks. "It is unfortunate," noted the FDA's
- Snider, that the leak of unfinished data "has created a climate
- of unnecessary fear."
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- Last week's reports will doubtless add to the number of
- implant recipients contemplating liability suits. The potential
- costs are enormous: in one case last month, a 46-year-old New
- York woman was awarded $4.5 million after she claimed that
- polyurethane implants gave her breast cancer. The case is under
- appeal.
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- For now, however, surgeons are trying to put the potential
- risks in perspective. Dr. Norman Cole of the American Society
- of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons is referring his patients
- to last week's statement by the FDA, which asserts that the
- potential risk of these implants is "certainly too small" to
- warrant having them removed. Says Emory's Dr. Hester: "Women
- need to know that they are not walking around with time bombs
- in their breasts." With any luck, the final FDA report will
- defuse their anxiety.
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